Free-field propagation of high intensity noise

Observed spectral data from supersonic jet aircraft are known to contain much more high frequency energy than can be explained by linear acoustic propagation theory. It is believed that the high frequency energy is an effect of nonlinear distortion due to the extremely high acoustic levels generated by the jet engines. The objective, to measure acoustic waveform distortion for spherically diverging high intensity noise, was reached by using an electropneumatic acoustic source capable of generating sound pressure levels in the range of 140 to 160 decibels (re 20 micro Pa). The noise spectrum was shaped to represent the spectra generated by jet engines. Two microphones were used to capture the acoustic pressure waveform at different points along the propagation path in order to provide a direct measure of the waveform distortion as well as spectral distortion. A secondary objective was to determine that the observed distortion is an acoustic effect. To do this an existing computer prediction code that deals with nonlinear acoustic propagation was used on data representative of the measured data. The results clearly demonstrate that high intensity jet noise does shift the energy in the spectrum to the higher frequencies along the propagation path. In addition, the data from the computer model are in good agreement with the measurements, thus demonstrating that the waveform distortion can be accounted for with nonlinear acoustic theory

Coating for prevention of titanium combustion

A limited number of coating options for titanium gas turbine engine components were explored with the objective of minimizing potential combustion initiation and propagation without adversely affecting component mechanical properties. Objectives were met by two of the coatings, ion-plated platinum plus electroplated copper plus electroplated nickel and ion vapor deposited aluminum

In Search Of Satanists Examining The Accounts Of Deviant Religious Practitioners

Despite the glut of literature focusing on numerous aspects of mainline American religious life, there is a surprising dearth of information regarding deviant religious practitioners. Importantly, there remains a lack of focus on the specificities of religious and spiritual deviance, and the accounts of those who engage in such practices. This exploratory study closely examines the members of one such religion; specifically, the Church of Satan. Despite the stigma associated with Satanism, individuals continue to willfully engage in such practices. Research uses face-toface, semi-structured interviews to better discern the rationale behind Satanic worship as understood by modern-day believers. Particular attention is given to the accounts of Satanists to examine motivations for engaging in such practices, as well as identity management techniques for dealing with potential stigma. Results of the analysis show that Satanists utilize a variety of accounts when speaking about their spiritual choices and the potential stigma that surrounds such choices. These results are discussed and directions for additional research are presented

Local interaction Strategies and Capacity for Better Care in Nursing Homes: A Multiple Case Study

To describe relationship patterns and management practices in nursing homes (NHs) that facilitate or pose barriers to better outcomes for residents and staff. Methods: We conducted comparative, multiple-case studies in selected NHs (N = 4). Data were collected over six months from managers and staff (N = 406), using direct observations, interviews, and document reviews. Manifest content analysis was used to identify and explore patterns within and between cases. Results: Participants described interaction strategies that they explained could either degrade or enhance their capacity to achieve better outcomes for residents; people in all job categories used these 'local interaction strategies'. We categorized these two sets of local interaction strategies as the 'common pattern' and the 'positive pattern' and summarize the results in two models of local interaction. Conclusions: The findings suggest the hypothesis that when staff members in NHs use the set of positive local interaction strategies, they promote inter-connections, information exchange, and diversity of cognitive schema in problem solving that, in turn, create the capacity for delivering better resident care. We propose that these positive local interaction strategies are a critical driver of care quality in NHs. Our hypothesis implies that, while staffing levels and skill mix are important factors for care quality, improvement would be difficult to achieve if staff members are not engaged with each other in these ways.National Institutes of Health 2 R01NR003178-04A2Claude A. Pepper Older American's Independence Center AG-11268Paul A. Beeson Award NIA AG024787VA Health Services Research and Development EDU 08-417John A. Hartford Building Academic Geriatric Nursing Claire M. Fagin FellowshipBusiness Administratio

Farancia abacura

Number of Pages: 2Integrative BiologyGeological Science

The Metabolic Cost of Pushing versus Carrying a Golfbag

The two most common non-motorized methods for transporting golf clubs in recreational and amateur golf are carrying a double strap bag or pushing a wheeled cart. The transportation method of golf clubs can have a direct impact on the necessary metabolic, musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory requirements of golf performance. PURPOSE: To compare the metabolic cost of pushing versus carrying a golf bag. METHODS: Twenty two participants (18 Male, 3 Female, 24.2±8.9 yrs, 176.6±14.5 cm, and 76.2±14.5 kg) were recruited for one session in which they walked one mile while carrying and one mile while pushing a 25lb golf bag (determined as the average weight of a tournament bag for 5 male and 5 female collegiate golfers). Half of the participants completed the carrying condition first while the remaining participants completed the pushing condition first. All testing was performed on an indoor track. An approximate pace of 3.5mph during each walk was maintained by checking the time every 1/16 mile at which point feedback was provided to the participant to speed up, slow down, or maintain pace. It was required that each trial be completed with a time corresponding to ±5% of the 3.5 mph target pace. The walking trials were separated by a 10-minute recovery period. VO2 and HR were recorded for each transportation method using the PNOE (Athens, Greece) portable metabolic measurement system and Polar (Bethpage, NY) heart rate monitor. The use of the PNOE device required participants to breathe through a mask, which sealed the nose and mouth, for the duration of both walks. The device was removed during the recovery period. Steady state VO2 and average HR were computed for the five-minute period between minute 7 and minute 12 of each trial. Steady state VO2 and average HR were compared between walking conditions using a paired t-test. RESULTS: The mean±SD VO2 and HR were 1.48±0.19 L/min and 118.2±17.3 bpm, respectively for the carry condition and 1.34±0.17 L/min and 110.4±17.9 bpm, respectively for the push condition. Pushing the cart resulted in a significant 10.4% reduction in VO2 (t19=1.73, p19=1.73, pCONCLUSION:This study provides novel evidence that transporting a competition golf bag using a pushcart significantly reduces metabolic cost as compared to carrying. Thus, these data support utilizing a pushcart and shows that removing the load of equipment from the body has the potential to reduce fatigue experienced by the golfer. Currently within the golf community and especially within the demographic of college aged and younger golfers, there is a stigma around utilizing a pushcart. There has been no published study thus far that focuses on providing empirical evidence on the metabolic cost of pushing versus carrying a golf bag and therefore no evidence to support the choice of either method from an energy cost standpoint. Given the significant reduction in metabolic cost observed during the pushing method in this study, further study is warranted to see how the mode of transporting equipment would affect metabolic cost during an actual golf round

Spin-exchange relaxation free magnetometry with Cs vapor

We describe a Cs atomic magnetometer operating in the spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) regime. With a vapor cell temperature of $103^\circ\rm{C}$ we achieve intrinsic magnetic resonance widths $\Delta B=17 {\rm \mu G}$ corresponding to an electron spin-relaxation rate of $300 {\rm s^{-1}}$ when the spin-exchange rate is $\Gamma_{SE}=14000 {\rm s^{-1}}$. We also observe an interesting narrowing effect due to diffusion. Signal-to-noise measurements yield a sensitivity of about $400\thinspace{\rm pG/\sqrt{Hz}}$. Based on photon shot noise, we project a sensitivity of $40 {\rm pG/\sqrt{Hz}}$. A theoretical optimization of the magnetometer indicates sensitivities on the order of $2 {\rm pG/\sqrt{Hz}}$ should be achievable in a $1 {\rm cm^3}$ volume. Because Cs has a higher saturated vapor pressure than other alkali metals, SERF magnetometers using Cs atoms are particularly attractive in applications requiring lower temperatures.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures. submitted to PR